Students understand the cellular and subcellular activities of living cells. This course provides an overview of the structure and functions of cell organelle. Course elaborates on the importance of cell signaling in biological processes. Modules provide in- depth understanding of principles of breeding and methods of breeding economically important crops

Principles of microscopy; Light Microscopy; Phase contrast microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Sample Preparation for light microscopy; Electron microscopy (EM)- Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM); Sample Preparation for electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction analysis.

The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and shape; Eukaryotic Cell components.

Mitochondria: Structure, marker enzymes, composition; Semiautonomous nature; Symbiont hypothesis; Proteins synthesized within mitochondria; mitochondrial DNA.

Chloroplast: Structure, marker enzymes, composition; semiautonomous nature, chloroplast DNA.

ER, Golgi body & Lysosomes: Structures and roles.

Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes: Structures, composition, functions in animals and plants and biogenesis.

Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin; molecular organization, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus and ribosome structure (brief).

The functions of membranes; Models of membrane structure; The fluidity of membranes; Membrane proteins and their functions; Carbohydrates in the membrane; Faces of the membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall.

Overview of Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis; Molecular controls

Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of reproduction in crop plants. Important achievements and undesirable consequences of plant breeding.

Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources; Acclimatization; Selection methods: for self-pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated plants; Hybridization: for self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants – Procedure, advantages and limitations.

Concept, mechanism, examples. Monogenic vs polygenic Inheritance. QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and Heterosis; Applications.

Role of mutations; Polyploidy; Distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop improvement.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

Course Description:

1. Understand the basic principles of different microscopy

2. Understand the basic principles and techniques of bio-analytical tools

3. Understand the basics of biostatistics

Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; Abbe’s equation; Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Use of fluorochromes: (a) Flow cytometry (FACS); (b) Applications of fluorescence microscopy: Dark field microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy FISH, Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy, cryofixation, negative staining, shadow casting, freeze fracture, freeze etching.

Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; Abbe’s equation; Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Use of fluorochromes: (a) Flow cytometry (FACS); (b) Applications of fluorescence microscopy: Dark field microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy FISH, Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy, cryofixation, negative staining, shadow casting, freeze fracture, freeze etching.

Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, sucrose density gradient, CsCl2 gradient, analytical centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, marker enzymes.

Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, sucrose density gradient, CsCl2 gradient, analytical centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, marker enzymes.

Use in biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment

Use in biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment

Principle and its application in biological research

Principle and its application in biological research

Preparation of extracts for phytochemical investigations (Phenolic rich and alkaloid rich extracts.Volatile oils).Methods of extraction of phytochemicals and choice of solvents (Maceration, Soxhlet and pressurized liquid).

Preparation of extracts for phytochemical investigations (Phenolic rich and alkaloid rich extracts.Volatile oils).Methods of extraction of phytochemicals and choice of solvents (Maceration, Soxhlet and pressurized liquid).

Principle; Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion-exchange chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography; Affinity chromatography

Principle; Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion-exchange chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography; Affinity chromatography

Mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids; Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE

Mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids; Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE

Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variation, standard deviation.

Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variation, standard deviation.

2. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York. U.S.A.

Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. 3rd edition.

4. Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

1. Understand the structure and function of basic secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants.

2. Familiarize with the common separation and characterization techniques used in phytochemistry

3. Understand the basic officinal part present in the common medicinal plants and their use in ayurvedic formulations

4. Introduce the students into the herbal drug industry.

a) Introduction to phytochemical principles and methods; active and inert constituent of herbal drugs. b). Quality control of the crude drugs: Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological methods of evaluation:-

i) Organoleptic evaluation of plant drugs {Study of organoleptic features of leafy drugs (Senna and Digitalis), bark drug (Terminalia arjuna and Saracaasoca), stem drug (Tinospora cordifolia), rhizome drug, root drug (Withaniasomnifera), fruit drug (Aegle marmelosand Terminalia chebula), seed drug, and entire plant (Bacopa monnieriandOcimum sanctum)}.

ii) Microscopic evaluation of plant drugs: Study of microscopic features ofleaf (Adhatodavasica), wood (Pterocarpus marsupium), bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), rhizome (Zingiber officinale), seeds, and entire plant.

iii) Quantitative microscopy

iv) Microscopic analysis of powdered drugs with the objective of identifying genuine drugs and their adulterants.

v) Physical evaluation of plant drugs

vi) Phytochemical evaluation of plant drugs

vii) Biological standardization

viii) Importance of marker constituents in plant drug standardization

ix) Fingerprint identification of plant drugs

a) Introduction to phytochemical principles and methods; active and inert constituent of herbal drugs. b). Quality control of the crude drugs: Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological methods of evaluation:-

i) Organoleptic evaluation of plant drugs {Study of organoleptic features of leafy drugs (Senna and Digitalis), bark drug (Terminalia arjuna and Saracaasoca), stem drug (Tinospora cordifolia), rhizome drug, root drug (Withaniasomnifera), fruit drug (Aegle marmelosand Terminalia chebula), seed drug, and entire plant (Bacopa monnieriandOcimum sanctum)}.

ii) Microscopic evaluation of plant drugs: Study of microscopic features ofleaf (Adhatodavasica), wood (Pterocarpus marsupium), bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), rhizome (Zingiber officinale), seeds, and entire plant.

iii) Quantitative microscopy

iv) Microscopic analysis of powdered drugs with the objective of identifying genuine drugs and their adulterants.

v) Physical evaluation of plant drugs

vi) Phytochemical evaluation of plant drugs

vii) Biological standardization

viii) Importance of marker constituents in plant drug standardization

ix) Fingerprint identification of plant drugs

a) Extraction methods: Types and principles of extraction methods; their merits and demerits (Maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, Steam distillation, Microwave-assisted extraction, solid-liquid extractions

(SLE), ultrasonic extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Rationale for selection of different methods for extraction of natural products. Solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, water.

b) Separation techniques: Column chromatography including short column, flash, vacuum liquid, medium pressure liquid and centrifugal chromatography, TLC and HPTLC, Ion exchange, size exclusion and ion pair chromatography, Gas Chromatography (Selection of carrier gas and detectors), High performance liquid chromatography (Analytical, Semi-preparative and preparative), Electroplanar chromatography or electrophoresis.

c) Spectral Analysis and relevance to natural products: Ultraviolet and vis ible spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry.

a) Extraction methods: Types and principles of extraction methods; their merits and demerits (Maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, Steam distillation, Microwave-assisted extraction, solid-liquid extractions

(SLE), ultrasonic extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Rationale for selection of different methods for extraction of natural products. Solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, water.

b) Separation techniques: Column chromatography including short column, flash, vacuum liquid, medium pressure liquid and centrifugal chromatography, TLC and HPTLC, Ion exchange, size exclusion and ion pair chromatography, Gas Chromatography (Selection of carrier gas and detectors), High performance liquid chromatography (Analytical, Semi-preparative and preparative), Electroplanar chromatography or electrophoresis.

c) Spectral Analysis and relevance to natural products: Ultraviolet and vis ible spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry.

Study of the following plants with special reference to

a) Habit, habitat and systematic position and morphology of the useful part.

b) Organoleptic, anatomical and chemical evaluation of the officinal part.

c) Phytochemistry and major pharmacological action of plant drugs.

d) Ayurvedic formulations using the plant- Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica, Tribulus terrestris, Punica granatum, Asparagus racemosus, Phyllanthus neruri, Datura stramonium,, Aloe vera, Zingiber officinale, Terminalia arjuna, Saraca asoca, Boerhavia difusa, Ricinus communis, Ruta graveolens, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa,

Study of the following plants with special reference to

a) Habit, habitat and systematic position and morphology of the useful part.

b) Organoleptic, anatomical and chemical evaluation of the officinal part.

c) Phytochemistry and major pharmacological action of plant drugs.

d) Ayurvedic formulations using the plant- Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica, Tribulus terrestris, Punica granatum, Asparagus racemosus, Phyllanthus neruri, Datura stramonium,, Aloe vera, Zingiber officinale, Terminalia arjuna, Saraca asoca, Boerhavia difusa, Ricinus communis, Ruta graveolens, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa,

Study of the following aromatic plants and methods of extraction: Sysygiumaromaticum, Santalum album, Cymbopogancitratus, Ocimum sanctum, Mentha piperita, Acacia sp., Guggal (Commiphora wightii), Bixa orellana, Cinnamomum camphora

Study of the following aromatic plants and methods of extraction: Sysygiumaromaticum, Santalum album, Cymbopogancitratus, Ocimum sanctum, Mentha piperita, Acacia sp., Guggal (Commiphora wightii), Bixa orellana, Cinnamomum camphora

a) Introduction; Toxicity - Acute toxicity, Chronic Toxicity.

b) Drug interactions; a public health perspective.

c) Safety of phototherapeutic preparations.

d) Purification techniques of plant extracts used in traditional remedies

a) Introduction; Toxicity - Acute toxicity, Chronic Toxicity.

b) Drug interactions; a public health perspective.

c) Safety of phototherapeutic preparations.

d) Purification techniques of plant extracts used in traditional remedies

a) Introduction; Indian Herbal Trade in world Scenario.

b) Medicinal plant based industries in indigenous system of medicine.

c) Export potential of Indian Phyto-Pharmaceutical products

d) Indian medicinal plants used in cosmetic and aromatherapy

e) Indian medicinal plants in crude semi processed and processed products.

f) Export of spices.

a) Introduction; Indian Herbal Trade in world Scenario.

b) Medicinal plant based industries in indigenous system of medicine.

c) Export potential of Indian Phyto-Pharmaceutical products

d) Indian medicinal plants used in cosmetic and aromatherapy

e) Indian medicinal plants in crude semi processed and processed products.

f) Export of spices.

2. Heinrich, Michael. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, 2004.

2. Bhattacharjee, S K, Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2003.

3. Daniel, M., Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany, New Delhi: Kalyani publishers, 1991.

4. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA RRL Jammu, Edition 2002.

5. Arya Vaidya Sala Kottackal, Indian Medicinal Plants (5 Vols), New Delhi: Orient longoman. 1994.

6. Jean Bruneton,Caroline K. Hatton. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Intercept

Limited. 2000.

7. Khory, R. N. Materia, Medica of India and their Therapeutics, Komal Prakashan, Delhi, 1999.

8. Dr. Pulok K, Quality Control of Herbal Drugs, Mukherjee. 2003.

9. Trivedi P C, Medicinal Plants Utilization and Conservation, Jaipur: Avishkar Publishers, 2007.

10. Upadhyaya R C, The treatise on Aromatic plants, New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2008.

11. CSIR, Wealth of India, (XI Vols), 1985.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

The paper deals with the importance of plants and its commercialization for the benefit of mankind in various ways. The different units in the paper deals with origin, imoortance, domestication and conservation of cultivated plants. The paper also deals with plant quaratine, utilization of plants in different sources as Cereals and Millets, Pulses and Legumes, Sources of Sugars and Starches, Spices, Beverages, Oil seeds fats and Essential oils, Aromatic Plants, Drug-yielding and Medicinal plants, Timber plants. The paper also deals with the importance of algae and seaweeds in various aspects.

Origin, Importance and domestication: Origin of Agriculture and ancient economic botany, Vavilov’s Centres of Origin and diversity of crop plants, domestication, evaluation, bioprospection, Major plant introductions; Crop domestication and loss of genetic diversity;

Germplasm augmentation and conservation: History and importance of germplasm collection; Overview of : Ecogeographical distribution of diversity, General account of : Biotechnology in plant germplasm acquisition, plant tissue culture in disease elimination, in vitro conservation and exchange, cryopreservation, transgenics – exchange and biosafety

issues,

Plant Quarantine: Principles, objectives and relevance of plant quarantine; Introductory regulations and plant quarantine set up in India; economic significance of seed borne pests, pathogens and weeds; detection and post entry quarantine operations, harvesting-post harvesting

Origin, Importance and domestication: Origin of Agriculture and ancient economic botany, Vavilov’s Centres of Origin and diversity of crop plants, domestication, evaluation, bioprospection, Major plant introductions; Crop domestication and loss of genetic diversity;

Germplasm augmentation and conservation: History and importance of germplasm collection; Overview of : Ecogeographical distribution of diversity, General account of : Biotechnology in plant germplasm acquisition, plant tissue culture in disease elimination, in vitro conservation and exchange, cryopreservation, transgenics – exchange and biosafety

issues,

Plant Quarantine: Principles, objectives and relevance of plant quarantine; Introductory regulations and plant quarantine set up in India; economic significance of seed borne pests, pathogens and weeds; detection and post entry quarantine operations, harvesting-post harvesting

Origin, evolution and biosystematics, morphology, and uses of some selected crops: Cereals: Wheat, Rice, maize, pearl millet and minor millets. Pulses: Origin, morphology, uses, Importance to man and ecosystem of pulses (Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Green gram, Soyabean, Pea,  Horsegram), and Legumes (lab-lab bean, winged bean, French bean, sword bean). Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and by-products.Morphology, propagation & uses of Sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum.Potato, and Tapioca.

Origin, evolution and biosystematics, morphology, and uses of some selected crops: Cereals: Wheat, Rice, maize, pearl millet and minor millets. Pulses: Origin, morphology, uses, Importance to man and ecosystem of pulses (Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Green gram, Soyabean, Pea,  Horsegram), and Legumes (lab-lab bean, winged bean, French bean, sword bean). Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and by-products.Morphology, propagation & uses of Sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum.Potato, and Tapioca.

Spices: Listing of important spices (Saffron, Cloves, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Tejpat, Nutmeg and Mace, Anise, Cumin, Celery, Vanilla, Fennel, Coriander), their botanical name, family and part used, commercial aspects. Origin, distribution, ecology, botany, cultivation practices, processing of economic plant part / product , main chemical constituents, and economic Importance of the Major spices, namely Turmeric, Ginger, Black Pepper , Coriander. Beverages: Tea and Coffee : History, origin, growing countries, Botany, cultivation practices, common diseases and pests, major chemical constituents, processing and quality control of economic product, Oil seeds and fats: General description, classification, extraction and uses of groundnut, coconut, soybean, mustard. Essential Oils: General description uses extraction / distillation of essential oil, chemical constituents of major essential oil yielding aromatic plants, namely Rose, Geranium, Lemongrass, Menthol mint, Lavender, Eucalyptus, Clove, Camphor and Sandal wood.

Spices: Listing of important spices (Saffron, Cloves, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Tejpat, Nutmeg and Mace, Anise, Cumin, Celery, Vanilla, Fennel, Coriander), their botanical name, family and part used, commercial aspects. Origin, distribution, ecology, botany, cultivation practices, processing of economic plant part / product , main chemical constituents, and economic Importance of the Major spices, namely Turmeric, Ginger, Black Pepper , Coriander. Beverages: Tea and Coffee : History, origin, growing countries, Botany, cultivation practices, common diseases and pests, major chemical constituents, processing and quality control of economic product, Oil seeds and fats: General description, classification, extraction and uses of groundnut, coconut, soybean, mustard. Essential Oils: General description uses extraction / distillation of essential oil, chemical constituents of major essential oil yielding aromatic plants, namely Rose, Geranium, Lemongrass, Menthol mint, Lavender, Eucalyptus, Clove, Camphor and Sandal wood.

Drug yielding and Medicinal plants: Fumitories and Masticatories: Processing, therapeutic uses, and health hazards of habit-forming drugs, Botany and cultivation /regulatory practices of such drug yielding plants with special reference to Papaver and Tobacco. Major Medicinal Plants : Botany, Uses, Cultivation and Processing of major medicinal plants, namely : Ashwagandha, Kalmegh, Shatavar, Ghrit Kumari (Aloe vera), Quinghao (Artemisia annua), Isabgol, Bhui Amla (Phyllanthus), Stevia, Sarpagandha, Licorice, Gilloi (Tinospora), Natural Rubber: Pararubber: tapping, processing and uses. Timber plants and Fibres: General account and Botany of the Tree, wood structure and quality characteristics, and timber processing with special reference to, Saal (Shorea robusta), Teak. General account of the Fiber yielding plants, Classification based on the origin of fibers, Extraction, processing, morphology and uses of fibers, with special reference to Cotton, Coir, Jute. Seaweeds: Economically important seaweed resources of India, Production of carrageenan, agar, seaweeds as fertilizers, edible seaweeds, drugs from algae, cosmetics and nutraceuticals from algae, algae based biofuel.

Drug yielding and Medicinal plants: Fumitories and Masticatories: Processing, therapeutic uses, and health hazards of habit-forming drugs, Botany and cultivation /regulatory practices of such drug yielding plants with special reference to Papaver and Tobacco. Major Medicinal Plants : Botany, Uses, Cultivation and Processing of major medicinal plants, namely : Ashwagandha, Kalmegh, Shatavar, Ghrit Kumari (Aloe vera), Quinghao (Artemisia annua), Isabgol, Bhui Amla (Phyllanthus), Stevia, Sarpagandha, Licorice, Gilloi (Tinospora), Natural Rubber: Pararubber: tapping, processing and uses. Timber plants and Fibres: General account and Botany of the Tree, wood structure and quality characteristics, and timber processing with special reference to, Saal (Shorea robusta), Teak. General account of the Fiber yielding plants, Classification based on the origin of fibers, Extraction, processing, morphology and uses of fibers, with special reference to Cotton, Coir, Jute. Seaweeds: Economically important seaweed resources of India, Production of carrageenan, agar, seaweeds as fertilizers, edible seaweeds, drugs from algae, cosmetics and nutraceuticals from algae, algae based biofuel.

2. CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (2016). Aush Gyanya: Handbook of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Cultivation.

4. Samba Murty, AVSS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. (1989). a text book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi

5. Sambamurty, AVSS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. (2008). A Textbook of Modern Economic Botany. 1st Edition, Paperback. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.; 1st edition (4 September 2008)

6. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

7. Any local/state/regional flora published by BSI or any other agency.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

1.         Understand the basic principles and techniques of different microscopy

2.         Understand the basic unit of life, the cell and know the structure and functions of cell organelles

3.            Understand the methods of crop improvement

4.            Understand the cytological aspects of growth and development.

1. To study prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the help of light and electron micrographs.

2. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles

3. To study the structure of plant cell through temporary mounts.

4. To study the structure of animal cells by temporary mounts- squamous epithelial cell and nerve cell.

5. Preparation of temporary mounts of striated muscle fiber

6. To prepare temporary stained preparation of mitochondria from striated muscle cells /cheek epithelial cells using vital stain Janus green.

7. Study the effect of temperature, organic solvent on semi permeable membrane.

8. Demonstration of dialysis of starch and simple sugar.

9. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis on Rhoeoleaf.

10. Measure the cell size (either length or breadth/diameter) by micrometry.

11. Study of special chromosomes (polytene&lampbrush) either by slides or photographs.

12. Study DNA packaging by micrographs.

13. Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given photograph of somatic metaphase chromosome.

14. Study of cell cycle stages in the meristematic cells of Allium cepa/Phaseolus vulgaris root tips.

15. Study of cell cycle stages in the cells from the male gametic tissue of Allium cepa.

Plant Breeding

16. Hybridization techniques - Emasculation, Bagging (For demonstration only).

17. Induction of polyploidy conditions in plants (For demonstration only).

18. Comparison of percentage of seed germination and the effect of any chemical on the rate of elongation of radicle in any three crop seeds

19. Visit to a plant breeding station and submit the report

20. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.

21. Micrometry

22. Maceration of Xylem to study tracheids of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

CIA-I – Performance – 20 Marks

CIA-II- Mid Semester Practical Examination – 20 Marks

CIA-III – Record – 10 Marks

 ESE - 50 Marks

1. Understand the basic principles different microscopy

2. Understand the basic principles and techniques of bio analytical tools

3. Understand the basics of biostatistics

1.                                       1.                   Estimation of sugar by Benedict’s quantitative assay.

2.                   Isolation of chloroplasts by differential centrifugation.

3.                   Estimation of total Phenol Content

4.                   Ammonium sulfate precipitation and to estimate protein concentration through Lowry’s methods

5.                   To separate amino acids by paper chromatography.

6.                   To separate chloroplast pigments by column chromatography.

7.                   Crude extraction of Phytochemicals

8.                   Study of HPLC data from crude extract analysis

9.                   Study of GC/MS data from crude extract analysis

10.               To separate proteins using PAGE.

11.               To separate DNA by using AGE.

1.                                       1.                   Estimation of sugar by Benedict’s quantitative assay.

2.                   Isolation of chloroplasts by differential centrifugation.

3.                   Estimation of total Phenol Content

4.                   Ammonium sulfate precipitation and to estimate protein concentration through Lowry’s methods

5.                   To separate amino acids by paper chromatography.

6.                   To separate chloroplast pigments by column chromatography.

7.                   Crude extraction of Phytochemicals

8.                   Study of HPLC data from crude extract analysis

9.                   Study of GC/MS data from crude extract analysis

10.               To separate proteins using PAGE.

11.               To separate DNA by using AGE.

2.         Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York. U.S.A.

2.                  Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4^th edition.

CIA-I – Performance – 20 Marks

CIA-II- Mid Semester Practical Examination – 20 Marks

CIA-III – Record – 10 Marks

 ESE - 50 Marks

1. Understand the structure and function of basic secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants.

2. Familiarize with the common separation and characterization techniques used in    phytochemistry

3. Understand the basic officinal part present in the common medicinal plants and their use in ayurvedic formulations

4.  Introduce the students into the herbal drug industry.

1.       Visit to the institutions for carrying out isolation, separation, purification and identification of important phytoconstituents of herbal drugs as mentioned in theory syllabus.

2.       Qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds

3.       UV radiation tests for natural drugs

4.       Study of phytoconstituents through thin layer chromatography

5.       Spectroscopic/calorimetric analysis of isolated compounds.

6.       Extraction and separation of volatile oils from aromatic plants

7.       Extraction and Separation of saponins/flavonoids/phenols

8.       Preparation of herbal decoctions

9.       Anatomical difference between the officinal parts of the following plants and their adulterant counter parts

Drug plant                 officinal part           Adulterant/substitute counterpart

a.       Terminalia arjuna                         Bark                              Lagerstroemia

b.       Saraca asoka                                 Bark                             Polyalthea longifolia

c.       Cinnamomum zeylanicum   Bark                          Cinnamomumverum

d.       Tinospora Cordifolia          Stem                            Tinosporamalabarica

e.       Ricinus communis                          Root                             Abelmoschusesculentus

10.   Study on Antimicrobial effects of medicinal plant extracts

11.   Sustainable collection and identification of medicinal plants

12.   Visit to forest/ herbal garden to identify medicinal plants

13. Preparation of photo album of 25 medicinal plants.

1.       Visit to the institutions for carrying out isolation, separation, purification and identification of important phytoconstituents of herbal drugs as mentioned in theory syllabus.

2.       Qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds

3.       UV radiation tests for natural drugs

4.       Study of phytoconstituents through thin layer chromatography

5.       Spectroscopic/calorimetric analysis of isolated compounds.

6.       Extraction and separation of volatile oils from aromatic plants

7.       Extraction and Separation of saponins/flavonoids/phenols

8.       Preparation of herbal decoctions

9.       Anatomical difference between the officinal parts of the following plants and their adulterant counter parts

Drug plant                 officinal part           Adulterant/substitute counterpart

a.       Terminalia arjuna                         Bark                              Lagerstroemia

b.       Saraca asoka                                 Bark                             Polyalthea longifolia

c.       Cinnamomum zeylanicum   Bark                          Cinnamomumverum

d.       Tinospora Cordifolia          Stem                            Tinosporamalabarica

e.       Ricinus communis                          Root                             Abelmoschusesculentus

10.   Study on Antimicrobial effects of medicinal plant extracts

11.   Sustainable collection and identification of medicinal plants

12.   Visit to forest/ herbal garden to identify medicinal plants

13. Preparation of photo album of 25 medicinal plants.

Heinrich, Michael. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, 2004.

1. AshutoshKar, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology, New Delhi: New Age International, 2006.

2. Bhattacharjee, S K, Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2003.

3. Daniel, M., Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany, New Delhi: Kalyani publishers, 1991.

4. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA RRL Jammu, Edition 2002.

Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA)

CIA-I – Performance – 20 Marks

CIA-II- Mid Semester Practical Examination – 20 Marks

CIA-III – Record – 10 Marks

ESE - 50 Marks

The paper deals with the importance of plants and its commercialization for the benefit of mankind in various ways. The different units in the paper deals with origin, imoortance, domestication and conservation of cultivated plants. The paper also deals with plant quaratine, utilization of plants in different sources as Cereals and Millets, Pulses and Legumes, Sources of Sugars and Starches, Spices, Beverages, Oil seeds fats and Essential oils, Aromatic Plants, Drug-yielding and Medicinal plants, Timber plants. The paper also deals with the importance of algae and seaweeds in various aspects.

1.   Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L. S/T.S. grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests) Rice (habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).

2.   Legumes: Soybean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests).

3.  Sources of sugars and starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests), Potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch grains, w.m. starch grains, micro- chemical tests).

4.   Spices: Black pepper, Fennel, Curcuma and Clove (habit and sections), Identification and estimation of

major phytochemicals.

5.   Beverages: Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee (plant specimen, beans), adulterants

6.   Sources of oils and fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats in crushed seeds.

7.   Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa, Santalum and Cymbopogon spp., Mint, Eucalyptus

(specimens/photographs).

8.   Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber products, quantification of rubber content.

9.   Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Ashwagandha, Artemisia, Kalmegh, Phyllanthus, Satavar, Gilloi,

Papaver.

10.  Tobacco: specimen and products of Tobacco.

11.   Woods: Tectona: Specimen, Section of young stem.

12. Fiber-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and fuzz; whole mount of fiber and test for cellulose), Jute (specimen, transverse section of stem, test for lignin on transverse section of stem and fiber).

1.   Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L. S/T.S. grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests) Rice (habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).

2.   Legumes: Soybean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests).

3.  Sources of sugars and starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests), Potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch grains, w.m. starch grains, micro- chemical tests).

4.   Spices: Black pepper, Fennel, Curcuma and Clove (habit and sections), Identification and estimation of

major phytochemicals.

5.   Beverages: Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee (plant specimen, beans), adulterants

6.   Sources of oils and fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats in crushed seeds.

7.   Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa, Santalum and Cymbopogon spp., Mint, Eucalyptus

(specimens/photographs).

8.   Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber products, quantification of rubber content.

9.   Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Ashwagandha, Artemisia, Kalmegh, Phyllanthus, Satavar, Gilloi,

Papaver.

10.  Tobacco: specimen and products of Tobacco.

11.   Woods: Tectona: Specimen, Section of young stem.

12. Fiber-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and fuzz; whole mount of fiber and test for cellulose), Jute (specimen, transverse section of stem, test for lignin on transverse section of stem and fiber).

2. CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (2016). Aush Gyanya: Handbook of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Cultivation.

4. Samba Murty, AVSS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. (1989). a text book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi

5. Sambamurty, AVSS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. (2008). A Textbook of Modern Economic Botany. 1st Edition, Paperback. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.; 1st edition (4 September 2008)

6. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

7. Any local/state/regional flora published by BSI or any other agency.

CIA-I – Performance – 20 Marks

CIA-II- Mid Semester Practical Examination – 20 Marks

CIA-III – Record – 10 Marks

 ESE - 50 Marks

Course Description:

This course includes important physical topics that describe the influence of electricity and electromagnetic radiation on matter.  Ionic equilibria and Electrochemistry relate to the formation of ions and their ability to migrate under the influence of electricity.   Spectroscopy and Photochemistry are the topics that discuss the interaction of radiation with matter and are the foundation for many analytical techniques today. 

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions, mechanism of buffer action and preparation of buffers.  Henderson equation and calculation of pH of a buffer. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Ionic product, common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis.Conditions for precipitation. 

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions, mechanism of buffer action and preparation of buffers.  Henderson equation and calculation of pH of a buffer. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Ionic product, common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis.Conditions for precipitation. 

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions, mechanism of buffer action and preparation of buffers.  Henderson equation and calculation of pH of a buffer. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Ionic product, common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis.Conditions for precipitation. 

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions, mechanism of buffer action and preparation of buffers.  Henderson equation and calculation of pH of a buffer. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Ionic product, common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis.Conditions for precipitation. 

Prelearning topics: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes.

 Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its experimental determination using Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt using conductivity studies. Conductometric titrations* (only acid-base-four types).Numericals based on above topics.

Prelearning topics: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes.

 Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its experimental determination using Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt using conductivity studies. Conductometric titrations* (only acid-base-four types).Numericals based on above topics.

Prelearning topics: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes.

 Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its experimental determination using Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt using conductivity studies. Conductometric titrations* (only acid-base-four types).Numericals based on above topics.

Prelearning topics: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes.

 Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its experimental determination using Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt using conductivity studies. Conductometric titrations* (only acid-base-four types).Numericals based on above topics.

Prelearning topics: Electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, electrochemical series, types of electrodes.

 Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Potentiometric titrations-qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).

Prelearning topics: Electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, electrochemical series, types of electrodes.

 Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Potentiometric titrations-qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).

Prelearning topics: Electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, electrochemical series, types of electrodes.

 Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Potentiometric titrations-qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).

Prelearning topics: Electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, electrochemical series, types of electrodes.

 Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Potentiometric titrations-qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).

Pre learning: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, Frequency, wavenumber, relation between them.

Origin of molecular spectra : Study of rotation, vibration spectra of diatomic molecules. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Degrees of freedom.            Rotational spectroscopy : Expression for rotational energy. Evaluation of internuclear distance from moment of inertia- problems. Criterion for absorption of radiation - selection rule. Application of microwave spectroscopy.

Vibrational Spectroscopy : Expression for potential energy of simple harmonic oscillator–Hooke’s law. Expression for vibrational energy. Zero point energy. Concept of force constant-its evaluation-problems. Degrees of freedom-modes of vibration for CO₂ and H₂O molecules. Vibration - rotation spectra PQR bands.

Raman Spectroscopy : Concept of Polarisability. Raman spectra-qualitative study. Stokes and anti-Stokes lines-selection rules. Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR spectroscopy.

Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electronic transitions, qualitative description of σ, Π and non-bonding orbitals and transitions between them. Selection rules and Franck-Condon principle.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy (Only principles to be discussed). ESR spectroscopy, NQR spectroscopy and Mossbaur spectroscopy. (Mention only) 

Pre learning: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, Frequency, wavenumber, relation between them.

Origin of molecular spectra : Study of rotation, vibration spectra of diatomic molecules. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Degrees of freedom.            Rotational spectroscopy : Expression for rotational energy. Evaluation of internuclear distance from moment of inertia- problems. Criterion for absorption of radiation - selection rule. Application of microwave spectroscopy.

Vibrational Spectroscopy : Expression for potential energy of simple harmonic oscillator–Hooke’s law. Expression for vibrational energy. Zero point energy. Concept of force constant-its evaluation-problems. Degrees of freedom-modes of vibration for CO₂ and H₂O molecules. Vibration - rotation spectra PQR bands.

Raman Spectroscopy : Concept of Polarisability. Raman spectra-qualitative study. Stokes and anti-Stokes lines-selection rules. Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR spectroscopy.

Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electronic transitions, qualitative description of σ, Π and non-bonding orbitals and transitions between them. Selection rules and Franck-Condon principle.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy (Only principles to be discussed). ESR spectroscopy, NQR spectroscopy and Mossbaur spectroscopy. (Mention only) 

Pre learning: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, Frequency, wavenumber, relation between them.

Origin of molecular spectra : Study of rotation, vibration spectra of diatomic molecules. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Degrees of freedom.            Rotational spectroscopy : Expression for rotational energy. Evaluation of internuclear distance from moment of inertia- problems. Criterion for absorption of radiation - selection rule. Application of microwave spectroscopy.

Vibrational Spectroscopy : Expression for potential energy of simple harmonic oscillator–Hooke’s law. Expression for vibrational energy. Zero point energy. Concept of force constant-its evaluation-problems. Degrees of freedom-modes of vibration for CO₂ and H₂O molecules. Vibration - rotation spectra PQR bands.

Raman Spectroscopy : Concept of Polarisability. Raman spectra-qualitative study. Stokes and anti-Stokes lines-selection rules. Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR spectroscopy.

Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electronic transitions, qualitative description of σ, Π and non-bonding orbitals and transitions between them. Selection rules and Franck-Condon principle.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy (Only principles to be discussed). ESR spectroscopy, NQR spectroscopy and Mossbaur spectroscopy. (Mention only) 

Pre learning: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, Frequency, wavenumber, relation between them.

Origin of molecular spectra : Study of rotation, vibration spectra of diatomic molecules. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Degrees of freedom.            Rotational spectroscopy : Expression for rotational energy. Evaluation of internuclear distance from moment of inertia- problems. Criterion for absorption of radiation - selection rule. Application of microwave spectroscopy.

Vibrational Spectroscopy : Expression for potential energy of simple harmonic oscillator–Hooke’s law. Expression for vibrational energy. Zero point energy. Concept of force constant-its evaluation-problems. Degrees of freedom-modes of vibration for CO₂ and H₂O molecules. Vibration - rotation spectra PQR bands.

Raman Spectroscopy : Concept of Polarisability. Raman spectra-qualitative study. Stokes and anti-Stokes lines-selection rules. Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR spectroscopy.

Electronic spectroscopy: Potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding orbitals. Electronic transitions, qualitative description of σ, Π and non-bonding orbitals and transitions between them. Selection rules and Franck-Condon principle.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy (Only principles to be discussed). ESR spectroscopy, NQR spectroscopy and Mossbaur spectroscopy. (Mention only) 

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions. 

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.Laser, classification and uses. Numericals based on relevant topics

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions. 

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.Laser, classification and uses. Numericals based on relevant topics

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions. 

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.Laser, classification and uses. Numericals based on relevant topics

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions. 

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.Laser, classification and uses. Numericals based on relevant topics

 B R Puri, L R Sharma and M.S. Patania., Principles of Physical Chemistry. Vishal Publishing Company, Jalandhar. 2011.

2. Castellan, G.W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).

3. P. W Atkins, Physical chemistry, 8th ed., Oxford University Press, 2006.

4. G. M. Barrow Physical chemistry, 5^th ed., Tata-Mc Graw Hill, 2006.

5. Glasstone Samuel,Textbook of Physical Chemistry. 2^nd ed. Mcmillan, 2007.

6. F Daniels and F.A Alberty. Physical Chemistry. 4^th ed. Wiley, 1996.

7. C. N. Banwell and E.M. Mccash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, TMH  Edition, 2012.

 8. B R Puri, L R Sharma and M.S. Patania., Principles of Physical Chemistry. Vishal Publishing Company, Jalandhar. 2011.

Course Description: This course deals with various topics of determining reaction mechanisms, spectroscopy, chemistry of soaps, detergents and dyes. This course on stereochemistry intends to make the students understand different concepts of conformational analysis and optical isomerism.

Conformational analysis with respect to ethane, propane, butane, and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula, Newman, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Difference between configuration and conformation.

Concept of isomerism, *types of isomerism, optical isomerism, elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, distereoisomers, mesocompounds, resolution of enantiomers, racemization. Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric Carbon- biphenyls, allenes.

Relative and absolute configurations, sequence rules, D & L, R & S systems of assigning configuration. Geometrical isomerism; Nomenclature by E and Z system.

Conformational analysis with respect to ethane, propane, butane, and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula, Newman, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Difference between configuration and conformation.

Concept of isomerism, *types of isomerism, optical isomerism, elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, distereoisomers, mesocompounds, resolution of enantiomers, racemization. Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric Carbon- biphenyls, allenes.

Relative and absolute configurations, sequence rules, D & L, R & S systems of assigning configuration. Geometrical isomerism; Nomenclature by E and Z system.

Conformational analysis with respect to ethane, propane, butane, and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula, Newman, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Difference between configuration and conformation.

Concept of isomerism, *types of isomerism, optical isomerism, elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, distereoisomers, mesocompounds, resolution of enantiomers, racemization. Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric Carbon- biphenyls, allenes.

Relative and absolute configurations, sequence rules, D & L, R & S systems of assigning configuration. Geometrical isomerism; Nomenclature by E and Z system.

Conformational analysis with respect to ethane, propane, butane, and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula, Newman, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Difference between configuration and conformation.

Concept of isomerism, *types of isomerism, optical isomerism, elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, distereoisomers, mesocompounds, resolution of enantiomers, racemization. Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric Carbon- biphenyls, allenes.

Relative and absolute configurations, sequence rules, D & L, R & S systems of assigning configuration. Geometrical isomerism; Nomenclature by E and Z system.

Application of spectral techniques in the structural elucidation of organic compounds. UV-Vis: λmax calculation for dienes and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds - UV spectra of butadiene, acetone, methyl vinyl ketone and benzene.

IR: Concept of group frequencies - IR spectra of alcohols, phenols, amines, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

1H NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance.chemical shift (δ values), uses of TMS as reference. Nuclear shielding and deshielding effects.Equivalent and non-equivalent protons.Effect of electronegativity of adjacent atoms on chemical shift values.Spin-spin splitting and spin-spin coupling (qualitative treatment only). Applications of NMR spectroscopy including identification of simple organic molecules. Examples: Shielding and deshielding effects for (i) methane (ii) CH₃−Cl (iii) CH₂Cl₂ (iv) CHCl₃. Spin-spin coupling in (i) Cl₂CHCHO (ii) 1,1,2-trichloroethane (iii) CH₃CH₂Cl.

Mass Spectrometry: Introduction. EI ionisation. Determination of molecular mass by MS (elementary idea only – fragmentation study not required).

Application of spectral techniques in the structural elucidation of organic compounds. UV-Vis: λmax calculation for dienes and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds - UV spectra of butadiene, acetone, methyl vinyl ketone and benzene.

IR: Concept of group frequencies - IR spectra of alcohols, phenols, amines, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

1H NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance.chemical shift (δ values), uses of TMS as reference. Nuclear shielding and deshielding effects.Equivalent and non-equivalent protons.Effect of electronegativity of adjacent atoms on chemical shift values.Spin-spin splitting and spin-spin coupling (qualitative treatment only). Applications of NMR spectroscopy including identification of simple organic molecules. Examples: Shielding and deshielding effects for (i) methane (ii) CH₃−Cl (iii) CH₂Cl₂ (iv) CHCl₃. Spin-spin coupling in (i) Cl₂CHCHO (ii) 1,1,2-trichloroethane (iii) CH₃CH₂Cl.

Mass Spectrometry: Introduction. EI ionisation. Determination of molecular mass by MS (elementary idea only – fragmentation study not required).

Application of spectral techniques in the structural elucidation of organic compounds. UV-Vis: λmax calculation for dienes and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds - UV spectra of butadiene, acetone, methyl vinyl ketone and benzene.

IR: Concept of group frequencies - IR spectra of alcohols, phenols, amines, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

1H NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance.chemical shift (δ values), uses of TMS as reference. Nuclear shielding and deshielding effects.Equivalent and non-equivalent protons.Effect of electronegativity of adjacent atoms on chemical shift values.Spin-spin splitting and spin-spin coupling (qualitative treatment only). Applications of NMR spectroscopy including identification of simple organic molecules. Examples: Shielding and deshielding effects for (i) methane (ii) CH₃−Cl (iii) CH₂Cl₂ (iv) CHCl₃. Spin-spin coupling in (i) Cl₂CHCHO (ii) 1,1,2-trichloroethane (iii) CH₃CH₂Cl.

Mass Spectrometry: Introduction. EI ionisation. Determination of molecular mass by MS (elementary idea only – fragmentation study not required).

Application of spectral techniques in the structural elucidation of organic compounds. UV-Vis: λmax calculation for dienes and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds - UV spectra of butadiene, acetone, methyl vinyl ketone and benzene.

IR: Concept of group frequencies - IR spectra of alcohols, phenols, amines, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.

1H NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance.chemical shift (δ values), uses of TMS as reference. Nuclear shielding and deshielding effects.Equivalent and non-equivalent protons.Effect of electronegativity of adjacent atoms on chemical shift values.Spin-spin splitting and spin-spin coupling (qualitative treatment only). Applications of NMR spectroscopy including identification of simple organic molecules. Examples: Shielding and deshielding effects for (i) methane (ii) CH₃−Cl (iii) CH₂Cl₂ (iv) CHCl₃. Spin-spin coupling in (i) Cl₂CHCHO (ii) 1,1,2-trichloroethane (iii) CH₃CH₂Cl.

Mass Spectrometry: Introduction. EI ionisation. Determination of molecular mass by MS (elementary idea only – fragmentation study not required).

Guidelines for proposing a reasonable mechanism, product studies, bonds broken and formed, inter and intramolecular migration of groups, crossover experiments, exchange with solvents, importance of byproducts, reactive intermediates, energetics, importance of activation parameters. Isotopic substitution in a molecule, primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects - their importance in mechanistic studies.

Guidelines for proposing a reasonable mechanism, product studies, bonds broken and formed, inter and intramolecular migration of groups, crossover experiments, exchange with solvents, importance of byproducts, reactive intermediates, energetics, importance of activation parameters. Isotopic substitution in a molecule, primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects - their importance in mechanistic studies.

Guidelines for proposing a reasonable mechanism, product studies, bonds broken and formed, inter and intramolecular migration of groups, crossover experiments, exchange with solvents, importance of byproducts, reactive intermediates, energetics, importance of activation parameters. Isotopic substitution in a molecule, primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects - their importance in mechanistic studies.

Guidelines for proposing a reasonable mechanism, product studies, bonds broken and formed, inter and intramolecular migration of groups, crossover experiments, exchange with solvents, importance of byproducts, reactive intermediates, energetics, importance of activation parameters. Isotopic substitution in a molecule, primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects - their importance in mechanistic studies.

Theories of colour and chemical constitution. Classification of dyes – according to chemical constitution and method of application. Natural and synthetic dyes. Synthesis and applications of: Azo dyes – Methyl orange; Triphenyl methane dyes - Malachite green and Rosaniline; Edible dyes (Food colours) with examples.

Theories of colour and chemical constitution. Classification of dyes – according to chemical constitution and method of application. Natural and synthetic dyes. Synthesis and applications of: Azo dyes – Methyl orange; Triphenyl methane dyes - Malachite green and Rosaniline; Edible dyes (Food colours) with examples.

Theories of colour and chemical constitution. Classification of dyes – according to chemical constitution and method of application. Natural and synthetic dyes. Synthesis and applications of: Azo dyes – Methyl orange; Triphenyl methane dyes - Malachite green and Rosaniline; Edible dyes (Food colours) with examples.

Theories of colour and chemical constitution. Classification of dyes – according to chemical constitution and method of application. Natural and synthetic dyes. Synthesis and applications of: Azo dyes – Methyl orange; Triphenyl methane dyes - Malachite green and Rosaniline; Edible dyes (Food colours) with examples.

Soaps – Introduction. Types of soaps - Toilet soaps, washing soaps. Liquid soap. TFM and grades of soaps. Bathing bars. Cleansing action of soap. Detergents - Introduction. Types of detergents - anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric detergents. Common detergent additives. Enzymes used in commercial detergents. Comparison between soaps and detergents. Environmental aspects

Soaps – Introduction. Types of soaps - Toilet soaps, washing soaps. Liquid soap. TFM and grades of soaps. Bathing bars. Cleansing action of soap. Detergents - Introduction. Types of detergents - anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric detergents. Common detergent additives. Enzymes used in commercial detergents. Comparison between soaps and detergents. Environmental aspects

Soaps – Introduction. Types of soaps - Toilet soaps, washing soaps. Liquid soap. TFM and grades of soaps. Bathing bars. Cleansing action of soap. Detergents - Introduction. Types of detergents - anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric detergents. Common detergent additives. Enzymes used in commercial detergents. Comparison between soaps and detergents. Environmental aspects

Soaps – Introduction. Types of soaps - Toilet soaps, washing soaps. Liquid soap. TFM and grades of soaps. Bathing bars. Cleansing action of soap. Detergents - Introduction. Types of detergents - anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric detergents. Common detergent additives. Enzymes used in commercial detergents. Comparison between soaps and detergents. Environmental aspects

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

     1^st Edition 2010.                                              

[2] Ashutosh, K., Chemistry of natural products Vol. II, CBS Publications & Distributors 1^st Edition 2012.

[3] Bhat, S., Nagasampagi B., Sivakumar M., Chemistry of natural productsNarosa Publishing House New Delhi 2005.

[4] Ahluwalia, V. K. Heterocyclic Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House New Delhi, 2016.

[5]Bahl, A. & Bahl, B.S. Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand, 2010.

[6]B. Mehta, M. Mehta, Organic Chemistry, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2017.

[2]  I. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. II, 5^thed. New Delhi: ELBS and Longman Ltd., reprint 2008.

[3]  Jain and Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry 3^rd edition, Vishal Publishing Company, 2009.

[4]  R. T Morrison, and R. N. Boyd.Organic Chemistry. 7^thed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India (P) Ltd., 2010.

[5]   Katritzky, A. R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3^rd addition, 2010.

[6]  Agrawal, O. P. Chemistry of Natural products vol I & II, 41^st addition, 2014.

This course will introduce the students to concepts and applications of bioinorganic chemistry, nanomaterials, organometallic chemistry, industrial catalysis, inorganic polymers, metal clusters, sustainability, and climate change.

Metal ions in biological systems,  Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump.  Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood,.

Metal storage and transport –ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes,

Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase,.  

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Structure and significance. 

Metal ions in biological systems,  Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump.  Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood,.

Metal storage and transport –ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes,

Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase,.  

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Structure and significance. 

Metal ions in biological systems,  Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump.  Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood,.

Metal storage and transport –ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes,

Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase,.  

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Structure and significance. 

Metal ions in biological systems,  Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump.  Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood,.

Metal storage and transport –ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes,

Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase,.  

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Structure and significance. 

Ligands, classification, hapticity.

Eighteen electron rule for organometallic com complexes, Synthesis and structure and bonding (VBT only) a) K [ Pt Cl₃(-C₂H₄ ) ] ,  [Fe (-C₆H₅)₂] , [Cr(-C₆H₅ )₂], [W (CH₃)₆ ].  b) Metal carbonyls :- Ni (CO)₄ , Fe (CO)₅ , Cr (CO)₆ , Co₂(CO)₈  , Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ .Ferrocene

Catalysis by organometallic compounds-Unique properties of Organo Aluminium compounds. Zeigler Natta catalyst in the polymerization of alkene, Wilkinson catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene, Wacker process, Monsanto acetic acid process. (mechanism not expected).

Ligands, classification, hapticity.

Eighteen electron rule for organometallic com complexes, Synthesis and structure and bonding (VBT only) a) K [ Pt Cl₃(-C₂H₄ ) ] ,  [Fe (-C₆H₅)₂] , [Cr(-C₆H₅ )₂], [W (CH₃)₆ ].  b) Metal carbonyls :- Ni (CO)₄ , Fe (CO)₅ , Cr (CO)₆ , Co₂(CO)₈  , Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ .Ferrocene

Catalysis by organometallic compounds-Unique properties of Organo Aluminium compounds. Zeigler Natta catalyst in the polymerization of alkene, Wilkinson catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene, Wacker process, Monsanto acetic acid process. (mechanism not expected).

Ligands, classification, hapticity.

Eighteen electron rule for organometallic com complexes, Synthesis and structure and bonding (VBT only) a) K [ Pt Cl₃(-C₂H₄ ) ] ,  [Fe (-C₆H₅)₂] , [Cr(-C₆H₅ )₂], [W (CH₃)₆ ].  b) Metal carbonyls :- Ni (CO)₄ , Fe (CO)₅ , Cr (CO)₆ , Co₂(CO)₈  , Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ .Ferrocene

Catalysis by organometallic compounds-Unique properties of Organo Aluminium compounds. Zeigler Natta catalyst in the polymerization of alkene, Wilkinson catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene, Wacker process, Monsanto acetic acid process. (mechanism not expected).

Ligands, classification, hapticity.

Eighteen electron rule for organometallic com complexes, Synthesis and structure and bonding (VBT only) a) K [ Pt Cl₃(-C₂H₄ ) ] ,  [Fe (-C₆H₅)₂] , [Cr(-C₆H₅ )₂], [W (CH₃)₆ ].  b) Metal carbonyls :- Ni (CO)₄ , Fe (CO)₅ , Cr (CO)₆ , Co₂(CO)₈  , Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ .Ferrocene

Catalysis by organometallic compounds-Unique properties of Organo Aluminium compounds. Zeigler Natta catalyst in the polymerization of alkene, Wilkinson catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene, Wacker process, Monsanto acetic acid process. (mechanism not expected).

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept

Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept,  Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept

Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept,  Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept

Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept,  Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept

Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept,  Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Pre learning: N/P ratio, curves, stability belts.  Nuclear binding energy. Mass defect, simple calculations involving mass defect and B.E per nucleon, half-life.

Nuclear fission-Liquid drop model, Modes of release of fission energy

nuclear reactors - Thermal and fast breeder breeder reactors, Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors,

Nuclear fusion- thermonuclear reaction-energy source of the sun and stars.  

Radioactive tracers- use of radio isotopes in tracer technique, agriculture, medicine, food preservation and Carbon dating

Artificial radioactivity, Induced radioactivity, Q value of nuclear reactions -Numerical problems.

 Atomic energy programme in India. ^**Case studies on Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Pre learning: N/P ratio, curves, stability belts.  Nuclear binding energy. Mass defect, simple calculations involving mass defect and B.E per nucleon, half-life.

Nuclear fission-Liquid drop model, Modes of release of fission energy

nuclear reactors - Thermal and fast breeder breeder reactors, Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors,

Nuclear fusion- thermonuclear reaction-energy source of the sun and stars.  

Radioactive tracers- use of radio isotopes in tracer technique, agriculture, medicine, food preservation and Carbon dating

Artificial radioactivity, Induced radioactivity, Q value of nuclear reactions -Numerical problems.

 Atomic energy programme in India. ^**Case studies on Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Pre learning: N/P ratio, curves, stability belts.  Nuclear binding energy. Mass defect, simple calculations involving mass defect and B.E per nucleon, half-life.

Nuclear fission-Liquid drop model, Modes of release of fission energy

nuclear reactors - Thermal and fast breeder breeder reactors, Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors,

Nuclear fusion- thermonuclear reaction-energy source of the sun and stars.  

Radioactive tracers- use of radio isotopes in tracer technique, agriculture, medicine, food preservation and Carbon dating

Artificial radioactivity, Induced radioactivity, Q value of nuclear reactions -Numerical problems.

 Atomic energy programme in India. ^**Case studies on Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Pre learning: N/P ratio, curves, stability belts.  Nuclear binding energy. Mass defect, simple calculations involving mass defect and B.E per nucleon, half-life.

Nuclear fission-Liquid drop model, Modes of release of fission energy

nuclear reactors - Thermal and fast breeder breeder reactors, Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors,

Nuclear fusion- thermonuclear reaction-energy source of the sun and stars.  

Radioactive tracers- use of radio isotopes in tracer technique, agriculture, medicine, food preservation and Carbon dating

Artificial radioactivity, Induced radioactivity, Q value of nuclear reactions -Numerical problems.

 Atomic energy programme in India. ^**Case studies on Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Introduction, definition of sustainability in different context, environmental sustainability renewable sources of energy

 Hazard Mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts, hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems, forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief work.

Disaster management: - Industrial disasters: definition of   disaster management; components of disaster management cycle- crisis management & risk management. Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development. Risk management- risk identification & risk reduction-preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Climate Change                                                                                              

Anthropogenic–based climate change, Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide, Polar Ice Caps, ozone layer depletion, impact on biodiversity, Biofuels, Solar Power, case studies on climate change.

Introduction, definition of sustainability in different context, environmental sustainability renewable sources of energy

 Hazard Mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts, hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems, forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief work.

Disaster management: - Industrial disasters: definition of   disaster management; components of disaster management cycle- crisis management & risk management. Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development. Risk management- risk identification & risk reduction-preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Climate Change                                                                                              

Anthropogenic–based climate change, Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide, Polar Ice Caps, ozone layer depletion, impact on biodiversity, Biofuels, Solar Power, case studies on climate change.

Introduction, definition of sustainability in different context, environmental sustainability renewable sources of energy

 Hazard Mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts, hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems, forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief work.

Disaster management: - Industrial disasters: definition of   disaster management; components of disaster management cycle- crisis management & risk management. Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development. Risk management- risk identification & risk reduction-preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Climate Change                                                                                              

Anthropogenic–based climate change, Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide, Polar Ice Caps, ozone layer depletion, impact on biodiversity, Biofuels, Solar Power, case studies on climate change.

Introduction, definition of sustainability in different context, environmental sustainability renewable sources of energy

 Hazard Mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts, hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems, forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief work.

Disaster management: - Industrial disasters: definition of   disaster management; components of disaster management cycle- crisis management & risk management. Crisis management-quick response & relief, recovery, development. Risk management- risk identification & risk reduction-preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Climate Change                                                                                              

Anthropogenic–based climate change, Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide, Polar Ice Caps, ozone layer depletion, impact on biodiversity, Biofuels, Solar Power, case studies on climate change.

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

Introduction – meaning of research. Types of research, research methods vs methodology. Scientific method of conducting research. Review of literature. Selecting and defining a problem. Science journals.  Impact factor, citation and citation index. Indexing agencies (Scopus, Web of Science), Research proposals

This course introduces the students to various experiments on electrochemistry, chemical kinetics and thermometry. It also emphasizes the importance of organized and systematic approach in carrying out experiments.

1.       Determination of the equivalent conductivity of 0.1 N NaCl

2.       Determination of the dissociation constant of monochloracetic acid by conductivity method

3.       Determination of the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid between water and toluene.

4.       Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt (AgCl)  by conductivity method.

5.       Determination of the percentage of NaCl by miscibility temperature method. 

6.       Determination of Cu in aluminum and zinc based alloys using flame photometer.

7.       Determination of potassium using flame photometer.

8.       Determination of transition temperature of a salt hydrate by thermometric method

9.       Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation

constant of a weak acid.

11. Conductometric titration:

i)Strong acid vs. strong base

      ii)Mixture of strong acid and weak acid vs. strong base.

ii)Weak acid vs. strong base

12. Potentiometry

a) Strong acid vs. strong base

b) Weak acid vs. strong base

c) Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt

13. Ionic equilibria and pH measurements

a) Preparation of buffer solutions, determination of pH and comparison of the values with theoretical values.

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

b) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.

14. Adsorption study

a.       Verification of Lanmuir adsorption isotherm

b.       Verification of Frendlich adsorption isotherm

1.       Determination of the equivalent conductivity of 0.1 N NaCl

2.       Determination of the dissociation constant of monochloracetic acid by conductivity method

3.       Determination of the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid between water and toluene.

4.       Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt (AgCl)  by conductivity method.

5.       Determination of the percentage of NaCl by miscibility temperature method. 

6.       Determination of Cu in aluminum and zinc based alloys using flame photometer.

7.       Determination of potassium using flame photometer.

8.       Determination of transition temperature of a salt hydrate by thermometric method

9.       Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation

constant of a weak acid.

11. Conductometric titration:

i)Strong acid vs. strong base

      ii)Mixture of strong acid and weak acid vs. strong base.

ii)Weak acid vs. strong base

12. Potentiometry

a) Strong acid vs. strong base

b) Weak acid vs. strong base

c) Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt

13. Ionic equilibria and pH measurements

a) Preparation of buffer solutions, determination of pH and comparison of the values with theoretical values.

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

b) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.

14. Adsorption study

a.       Verification of Lanmuir adsorption isotherm

b.       Verification of Frendlich adsorption isotherm

1.       Determination of the equivalent conductivity of 0.1 N NaCl

2.       Determination of the dissociation constant of monochloracetic acid by conductivity method

3.       Determination of the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid between water and toluene.

4.       Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt (AgCl)  by conductivity method.

5.       Determination of the percentage of NaCl by miscibility temperature method. 

6.       Determination of Cu in aluminum and zinc based alloys using flame photometer.

7.       Determination of potassium using flame photometer.

8.       Determination of transition temperature of a salt hydrate by thermometric method

9.       Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation

constant of a weak acid.

11. Conductometric titration:

i)Strong acid vs. strong base

      ii)Mixture of strong acid and weak acid vs. strong base.

ii)Weak acid vs. strong base

12. Potentiometry

a) Strong acid vs. strong base

b) Weak acid vs. strong base

c) Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt

13. Ionic equilibria and pH measurements

a) Preparation of buffer solutions, determination of pH and comparison of the values with theoretical values.

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

b) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.

14. Adsorption study

a.       Verification of Lanmuir adsorption isotherm

b.       Verification of Frendlich adsorption isotherm

1.       Determination of the equivalent conductivity of 0.1 N NaCl

2.       Determination of the dissociation constant of monochloracetic acid by conductivity method

3.       Determination of the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid between water and toluene.

4.       Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt (AgCl)  by conductivity method.

5.       Determination of the percentage of NaCl by miscibility temperature method. 

6.       Determination of Cu in aluminum and zinc based alloys using flame photometer.

7.       Determination of potassium using flame photometer.

8.       Determination of transition temperature of a salt hydrate by thermometric method

9.       Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation

constant of a weak acid.

11. Conductometric titration:

i)Strong acid vs. strong base

      ii)Mixture of strong acid and weak acid vs. strong base.

ii)Weak acid vs. strong base

12. Potentiometry

a) Strong acid vs. strong base

b) Weak acid vs. strong base

c) Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt

13. Ionic equilibria and pH measurements

a) Preparation of buffer solutions, determination of pH and comparison of the values with theoretical values.

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

b) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.

14. Adsorption study

a.       Verification of Lanmuir adsorption isotherm

b.       Verification of Frendlich adsorption isotherm

[2] J.B. Yadav, Advanced practical chemistry by Krishna prakashan media (p) ltd,,29^th ed. Meerut, 2010. 

[4] P.W Atkins, Physical chemistry,8^th  ed., Oxford University Press, 2006 

[5] G.M. Barrow Physical chemistry, 5^th ed.,tata, Mc Graw Hill,2006

[6] Glasstone Samuel, Textbook of Physical Chemistry. 2^nd ed. Mcmillan, 2007.

[7] B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, M.S. Pathania, Principles of Physical ChemistryVishal     Publications, 2012

This course introduces the students to the preparation and purification techniques of organic compounds.  Systematic analysis of organic compounds is also included. It also emphasizes the importance of organized and systematic approach in carrying out experiments. 

I.  Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed.

Recrystallisation, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.

(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline

(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols

(c) Oxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone

II Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and  
distillation.

  Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.

   Detection of  N, S and halogens in organic compounds.

   Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional groups     (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one derivative.

I.  Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed.

Recrystallisation, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.

(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline

(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols

(c) Oxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone

II Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and  
distillation.

  Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.

   Detection of  N, S and halogens in organic compounds.

   Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional groups     (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one derivative.

I.  Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed.

Recrystallisation, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.

(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline

(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols

(c) Oxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone

II Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and  
distillation.

  Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.

   Detection of  N, S and halogens in organic compounds.

   Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional groups     (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one derivative.

I.  Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed.

Recrystallisation, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.

(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline

(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols

(c) Oxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone

II Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and  
distillation.

  Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.

   Detection of  N, S and halogens in organic compounds.

   Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional groups     (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one derivative.

. Synthesis of benzoic acid from toluene and its spectral analysis.

2. Synthesis of acetanilide from aniline and its spectral analysis.

3. Synthesis of tribromophenol from phenol and its spectral analysis.

4. Synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and its spectral analysis.

. Synthesis of benzoic acid from toluene and its spectral analysis.

2. Synthesis of acetanilide from aniline and its spectral analysis.

3. Synthesis of tribromophenol from phenol and its spectral analysis.

4. Synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and its spectral analysis.

. Synthesis of benzoic acid from toluene and its spectral analysis.

2. Synthesis of acetanilide from aniline and its spectral analysis.

3. Synthesis of tribromophenol from phenol and its spectral analysis.

4. Synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and its spectral analysis.

. Synthesis of benzoic acid from toluene and its spectral analysis.

2. Synthesis of acetanilide from aniline and its spectral analysis.

3. Synthesis of tribromophenol from phenol and its spectral analysis.

4. Synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and its spectral analysis.

1.  Continuous internal assessment of Practicals …………        20 Marks

2.  Mid-term practical Test …………………………………     20 Marks

3.  Record assessment ………………………………………                 10 Marks

4.  End-semester Practical examination …………………..        50 Marks

      (Viva voce –                          10 marks

      Performing experiment –    40 marks)      

TOTAL                                                 100 Marks

This practical course consists of experiments that are designed to reinforce the learning of the theory course Novel Inorganic Solids. Experiments are either based on Preparation of materials or estimation of samples.

1.Gravimetric estimation of amount of nickel present in a given solution as bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II)

2. Gravimetric estimation of sulphate as BaSO 4

3. Gravimetric estimation of Ferric ions as ferric oxide

4. Gravimetric estimation of aluminium as oxinate in a given solution

5. Gravimetric estimation of magnesium as magnesium oxinate

6. Colorimetric estimation of ferrous ion using ortho-phenanthroline

7. Colorimetric estimation of copper as cuprammonium sulphate

8. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.

9. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

10. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

1.Gravimetric estimation of amount of nickel present in a given solution as bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II)

2. Gravimetric estimation of sulphate as BaSO 4

3. Gravimetric estimation of Ferric ions as ferric oxide

4. Gravimetric estimation of aluminium as oxinate in a given solution

5. Gravimetric estimation of magnesium as magnesium oxinate

6. Colorimetric estimation of ferrous ion using ortho-phenanthroline

7. Colorimetric estimation of copper as cuprammonium sulphate

8. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.

9. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

10. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

1.Gravimetric estimation of amount of nickel present in a given solution as bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II)

2. Gravimetric estimation of sulphate as BaSO 4

3. Gravimetric estimation of Ferric ions as ferric oxide

4. Gravimetric estimation of aluminium as oxinate in a given solution

5. Gravimetric estimation of magnesium as magnesium oxinate

6. Colorimetric estimation of ferrous ion using ortho-phenanthroline

7. Colorimetric estimation of copper as cuprammonium sulphate

8. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.

9. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

10. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

1.Gravimetric estimation of amount of nickel present in a given solution as bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II)

2. Gravimetric estimation of sulphate as BaSO 4

3. Gravimetric estimation of Ferric ions as ferric oxide

4. Gravimetric estimation of aluminium as oxinate in a given solution

5. Gravimetric estimation of magnesium as magnesium oxinate

6. Colorimetric estimation of ferrous ion using ortho-phenanthroline

7. Colorimetric estimation of copper as cuprammonium sulphate

8. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.

9. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

10. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

2. Mid-term practical Test ………………………………… 20 Marks

3. Record assessment ……………………………………… 10 Marks

4. End-semester Practical examination ………………….. 50 Marks

(Viva voce – 10 marks

Performing experiment – 40 marks)

TOTAL 100 Marks

To teach students the fundamentals of the biological process or reproduction, such as the endocrinology and physiology of male and female reproduction, puberty, lactation, and menopause, as well as the biology of normal and disordered pregnancy. Students will investigate how reproductive biology affects other aspects of health, as well as the effects of early life exposures on later health and the biology of reproductive cancers.

Gonadal hormones and mechanism of hormone action, steroids, glycoprotein hormones, and prostaglandins, hypothalamo – hypophyseal – gonadal axis, regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in male and female; Reproductive System: Development and differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct development, external genitalia, mechanism of sex differentiation; Disorders of sexual development-Xenohormones-E:P ratio issues.

Gonadal hormones and mechanism of hormone action, steroids, glycoprotein hormones, and prostaglandins, hypothalamo – hypophyseal – gonadal axis, regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in male and female; Reproductive System: Development and differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct development, external genitalia, mechanism of sex differentiation; Disorders of sexual development-Xenohormones-E:P ratio issues.

Outline and histological of male reproductive system in rat and human; Testis: Cellular functions, germ cell, system cell renewal mechanism; cell transformation pathways; Spermatogenesis: kinetics and hormonal regulation; Androgen synthesis and metabolism; Epididymal function and sperm maturation; Accessory glands functions; Sperm transportation in male tract, Blood testis barrier.

Outline and histological of male reproductive system in rat and human; Testis: Cellular functions, germ cell, system cell renewal mechanism; cell transformation pathways; Spermatogenesis: kinetics and hormonal regulation; Androgen synthesis and metabolism; Epididymal function and sperm maturation; Accessory glands functions; Sperm transportation in male tract, Blood testis barrier.

Outline and histological of female reproductive system in rat and human; Ovary: folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression; Steroidogenesis and secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles (rat and human) and their regulation, changes in the female tract; Ovum transport in the fallopian tubes; Sperm transport in the female tract, fertilization; Hormonal control of implantation; Hormonal regulation of gestation, pregnancy diagnosis, feto – maternal relationship; Mechanism of parturition and its hormonal regulation; Lactation and its regulation.

Outline and histological of female reproductive system in rat and human; Ovary: folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression; Steroidogenesis and secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles (rat and human) and their regulation, changes in the female tract; Ovum transport in the fallopian tubes; Sperm transport in the female tract, fertilization; Hormonal control of implantation; Hormonal regulation of gestation, pregnancy diagnosis, feto – maternal relationship; Mechanism of parturition and its hormonal regulation; Lactation and its regulation.

Infertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management; Assisted Reproductive Technology: sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization, ET, EFT, IUT, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, PROST, PZD (Partial Zona Dissection) and SUZI (Sub Zonal Insemination); Contraceptive technologies; Demographic terminology used in family planning, Teratology-Teratogens and mode of action, Rh factor and its application, Diagnostic tools in reproductive health management.

Infertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management; Assisted Reproductive Technology: sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization, ET, EFT, IUT, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, PROST, PZD (Partial Zona Dissection) and SUZI (Sub Zonal Insemination); Contraceptive technologies; Demographic terminology used in family planning, Teratology-Teratogens and mode of action, Rh factor and its application, Diagnostic tools in reproductive health management.

2.  Degroot, L.J. and Jameson, J.L. (eds). Endocrinology. W.B. Saunders and Company

3. Hatcher, R.A. et al. The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology. Population Information Programme

To provide the students with fundamental understandings of various aquatic ecosystems, physicochemical properties of these ecosystems, commercially important aquatic species, rearing methods of fishes, aquaculture pond management, and various advances in the field of aquatic biology and fisheries.

Brief introduction about aquatic biomass: Freshwater ecosystem (lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers), estuaries, intertidal zones, oceanic pelagic zone, marine benthic zone:

Brief introduction about aquatic biomass: Freshwater ecosystem (lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers), estuaries, intertidal zones, oceanic pelagic zone, marine benthic zone:

Lakes: Origin and classification, Lake as an ecosystem, Lake morphometry, Physio-chemical characteristics: light, temperature, thermal stratification; Dissolved solids: carbonate, bicarbonates, phosphates and nitrates; Turbidity; Dissolved gases, Nutrient cycles in lakes: nitrogen, sulphur, prosperous; Streams: different stages of stream development, physio-chemical environment, the adaptation of hill stream fishes.

Lakes: Origin and classification, Lake as an ecosystem, Lake morphometry, Physio-chemical characteristics: light, temperature, thermal stratification; Dissolved solids: carbonate, bicarbonates, phosphates and nitrates; Turbidity; Dissolved gases, Nutrient cycles in lakes: nitrogen, sulphur, prosperous; Streams: different stages of stream development, physio-chemical environment, the adaptation of hill stream fishes.

Salinity and density of sea water, continental shelf, adaptations of deep-sea organisms, coral reefs, sea weeds.

Salinity and density of sea water, continental shelf, adaptations of deep-sea organisms, coral reefs, sea weeds.

Causes of pollution: agriculture, industrial, sewage, thermal and oil spills, eutrophication, management and conservation (legislations), sewage treatment, water quality assessment: BOD and COD.

Causes of pollution: agriculture, industrial, sewage, thermal and oil spills, eutrophication, management and conservation (legislations), sewage treatment, water quality assessment: BOD and COD.

Present status and scope of capture and culture fisheries, Criteria for selection of candidate species for aquaculture, Major candidate species for aquaculture freshwater, brackish-water and marine, Systems of aquaculture – river system, pond culture, cage culture, running water culture, zero water exchange system, etc. Different culture systems -Monoculture, polyculture and integrated.

Present status and scope of capture and culture fisheries, Criteria for selection of candidate species for aquaculture, Major candidate species for aquaculture freshwater, brackish-water and marine, Systems of aquaculture – river system, pond culture, cage culture, running water culture, zero water exchange system, etc. Different culture systems -Monoculture, polyculture and integrated.

Types of feeds – artificial and live feeds, feed composition, feeding schedule, methods of feed formulation, storage and quality control, Major live feeds - phytoplankton and zooplankton – Chetocerous and Artemia

Types of feeds – artificial and live feeds, feed composition, feeding schedule, methods of feed formulation, storage and quality control, Major live feeds - phytoplankton and zooplankton – Chetocerous and Artemia

The infectious bacterial and viral disease, non-infectious diseases, Techniques in health management, chemotherapeutic agents, prophylaxis- vaccines, immunostimulants and probiotics.

The infectious bacterial and viral disease, non-infectious diseases, Techniques in health management, chemotherapeutic agents, prophylaxis- vaccines, immunostimulants and probiotics.

Biotechnological tools for aquaculture, transgenic fish production. Chromosomal manipulation, Cryopreservation of gametes and embryo.

Biotechnological tools for aquaculture, transgenic fish production. Chromosomal manipulation, Cryopreservation of gametes and embryo.

2.        Goldman. Limnology, 2^nded.

3.        Odum and Barrett. Fundamentals of Ecology, 5^thed.

4.        Trivedi and Goyal. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies

5.        Pawlowski, Physiocochemcial methods for water and wastewater treatment, 1^sted.

6.        Pillay T.V.R.1995. Aquaculture Principles and Practices. Fishing New Books, Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford.

2.        Santhanam, Sugmaran and P.Natarajan, 1997. Manual of Fresh Water Aquaculture. Oxford and IBHPub.Co., Ltd., New Delhi.

3.        Shanmugam.K, 1990. Fishery Biology and Aquaculture. Leo Pathippagam, Madras – 600 083.

4.        Biswas S.P., 1993. Manual of Methods in Fish Biology. South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

5.        Kurian C.V. and V.O. Sebastien 1982. Prawnsand Prawn Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing Corporation New Delhi.

6.        GovindanT.K. 1985. Fish Processing and Technology. Oxford and IBHPub.Co., Ltd., New Delhi. 27

7.        Srivastava, C.B.L., 1985. A Text book of Fishery Science and Indian

The paper describes the principles of parasitology, which are used to study a wide variety of animal species. Furthermore, this paper will look at the host-parasite relationship, disease epidemiology, and insects of economic importance. These topics will assist students in absorbing the majority of the fundamentals of applied zoology, which will aid them in understanding the advanced topics in this field.

General Introduction- Animal Associations, Homogenetic and Heterogenetic Associations, Parasitism, Commensalism, Symbiosis. Parasitism- classes of parasites. Classes of hosts- sources and mode of infection –pathogenesis-pathogenic effects. Protozoa- General features and classification. Amoebae and Entamoeba histolytica- difference between Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary dysentery

General Introduction- Animal Associations, Homogenetic and Heterogenetic Associations, Parasitism, Commensalism, Symbiosis. Parasitism- classes of parasites. Classes of hosts- sources and mode of infection –pathogenesis-pathogenic effects. Protozoa- General features and classification. Amoebae and Entamoeba histolytica- difference between Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary dysentery

Flagellates: Intestinal flagellates- Typical example Morphology Life cycle- Diagnosis and treatment. Haemoflagellates: Morphology - Diagnosis, treatment- vectors and reservoirs. Leishmania- Morphology, ecological types, pathology, diagnosis, treatment. Malaria parasites- Morphology- human plasmodia- pathogenesis diagnosis- treatment. Flukes- Blood flukes- Morphology and life cycle. Hook and Guinea worms Round worms- Morphology and pathogenesis- Diagnosis and treatment.

Flagellates: Intestinal flagellates- Typical example Morphology Life cycle- Diagnosis and treatment. Haemoflagellates: Morphology - Diagnosis, treatment- vectors and reservoirs. Leishmania- Morphology, ecological types, pathology, diagnosis, treatment. Malaria parasites- Morphology- human plasmodia- pathogenesis diagnosis- treatment. Flukes- Blood flukes- Morphology and life cycle. Hook and Guinea worms Round worms- Morphology and pathogenesis- Diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction and history of medical entomology- Venomous arthropods, arthropods as direct agents - causes of allergies by Insects- delusory parasitosis- Epidemiology of vector-borne disease- Mechanical transmission by arthropods- Vector competence.

Introduction and history of medical entomology- Venomous arthropods, arthropods as direct agents - causes of allergies by Insects- delusory parasitosis- Epidemiology of vector-borne disease- Mechanical transmission by arthropods- Vector competence.

Different types of Diagnostic methods in parasitology - Examination of faeces, Wet mount, blood smears, concentration method, sedimentation methods- egg count- culture methods- Animal inoculation xenodiagnosis- Immunological diagnosis. 

Different types of Diagnostic methods in parasitology - Examination of faeces, Wet mount, blood smears, concentration method, sedimentation methods- egg count- culture methods- Animal inoculation xenodiagnosis- Immunological diagnosis. 

Insect Physiology and Morphology – General structure and metamorphosis, Insects Digestive System,
Nervous System, Reproductive System, Circulatory System and Excretory System, Visual organs and
Olfactory System. Bionomics of Insects, General characters of selected insect orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera)- Morphology, Life History, Bionomic and importance.

Insect Physiology and Morphology – General structure and metamorphosis, Insects Digestive System,
Nervous System, Reproductive System, Circulatory System and Excretory System, Visual organs and
Olfactory System. Bionomics of Insects, General characters of selected insect orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera)- Morphology, Life History, Bionomic and importance.

Biology of Malaria Parasites, 2012

Biology of Malaria Parasites, 2012

To teach students the fundamentals of the biological process or reproduction, such as the endocrinology and physiology of male and female reproduction, puberty, lactation, and menopause, as well as the biology of normal and disordered pregnancy. Students will investigate how reproductive biology affects other aspects of health, as well as the effects of early life exposures on later health and the biology of reproductive cancers.

1.             Study of animal house: set up and maintenance of animal house, breeding techniques, care of normal and experimental animals.

2.             Examination of vaginal smear from live rats (spotters).

3.             Steroid hormones examination under experimental conditions -Pathway slides

4.             Surgical techniques: principles of surgery in endocrinology, Ovariectomy, tubectomy, hysterectomy, castration and vasectomy in rats.

5.             Examination of reproductive organs

6.             Histological sections of gonads _ testis and ovary of fishes

7.             Examination of histological sections from photomicrographs/ permanent slides of rat/human: testis, epididymis and accessory glands of male reproductive systems;

8.             Examination of histological sections from photomicrographs/ permanent slides of Sections of ovary, fallopian tube, uterus (proliferative and secretory stages), cervix and vagina.

9.             Human vaginal exfoliative cytology (specimen).

10.         The study of CASA (Computer Aided Sperm Analysis)

11.         Study of contraceptive devices

12.         Pregnancy detection assay

13.         LH surge detection assay

14.         Histological examination of Placenta types

1.             Study of animal house: set up and maintenance of animal house, breeding techniques, care of normal and experimental animals.

2.             Examination of vaginal smear from live rats (spotters).

3.             Steroid hormones examination under experimental conditions -Pathway slides

4.             Surgical techniques: principles of surgery in endocrinology, Ovariectomy, tubectomy, hysterectomy, castration and vasectomy in rats.

5.             Examination of reproductive organs

6.             Histological sections of gonads _ testis and ovary of fishes

7.             Examination of histological sections from photomicrographs/ permanent slides of rat/human: testis, epididymis and accessory glands of male reproductive systems;

8.             Examination of histological sections from photomicrographs/ permanent slides of Sections of ovary, fallopian tube, uterus (proliferative and secretory stages), cervix and vagina.

9.             Human vaginal exfoliative cytology (specimen).

10.         The study of CASA (Computer Aided Sperm Analysis)

11.         Study of contraceptive devices

12.         Pregnancy detection assay

13.         LH surge detection assay

14.         Histological examination of Placenta types

2.               Degroot, L.J. and Jameson, J.L. (eds). Endocrinology. W.B. Saunders and Company